Stucco Versus EIFS: one Time it is Acceptable to Choose a Side
They too were rewarded in the new British Raj by being integrated into the British-Indian political system and having their territories guaranteed. Consequently, no more land reforms were implemented for the next 90 years: Bengal and Bihar were to remain the realms of large land holdings (unlike the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh). At the same time, it was felt that the peasants, for whose benefit the large land reforms of the United Provinces had been undertaken, had shown disloyalty, by, in many cases, fighting for their former landlords against the British. Third, the British felt disenchanted with Indian reaction to social change.
The railway thus served as a tool of the colonial government to control India as they were “an essential strategic, defensive, subjugators and administrative ‘tool'” for the Imperial Project. By 1900 India had a full range of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, metre and narrow gauge networks. Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was heavily built, using a broad gauge, sturdy tracks and strong bridges.
Following the Partition of Bengal, which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the Swadeshi movement and the Boycott movement. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin. The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods. Once foreign goods were boycotted, there was a gap which had to be filled by the production of those goods in India itself. The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods.
Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control. The princely states were grouped into agencies and residencies. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than 25 square kilometres (10 square miles). In London, it provided for a cabinet-level Secretary of State for India and a fifteen-member Council of India, whose members were required, as one prerequisite of membership, to have spent at least ten years in India and to have done so no more than ten years before. The British also exercised a general influence over the states’ internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers.
